定语从句

2009/9/30 11:37:27　自力教育 [37309]

（1）做定语从句试题的基本方法
请看下面这道定语从句考题：
In fact the man didn't understand the three questions ____were asked in French.
A. where 
B. who 
C. in which 
D. which
此题应选 D。从句子成分看，修饰 questions 的定语从句缺主语，所以不能选 A(where)，C(in which)。又因为这里的先行词(questions)是指事不是指人，所以只能选D(which)不能选B(who)。
考生在做定语从句试题时，大体上要分清以下几点：
1. 是定语从句还是其他从句( 从句意和句法功能等方面去考虑)。
2. 是用关系代词还是关系副词。关系代词和关系副词的选择主要看关系词在句中的句法功能。一般说来，关系代词(that，which，who，whom 等)主要用作主语和宾语；关系副词(when，where，why)主要用作状语；作定语时用whose。
3. 受定语从句修饰的先行词是指人(who，whom，that) 还是指物(that，which)；是作主语(who，that，which)还是作宾语(which，whom，who)等。
4. 关系代词可否省略(在通常情况下，只有限制性定语从句中用作宾语的关系代词才能省略)。
5. 是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句 (关系代词that以及关系副词why等均不能引导非限制性定语从句)。
6. 在“介词＋which”结构中，介词的正确选择(主要看相关名词和动词的习惯搭配)。

（2）确定关系代词前所用介词要“七看”
■一看动词与介词的搭配
1. The ladder on which I was standing began to slip. 我脚下的梯子开始向下滑动。
相关搭配：stand on 站在……上；stand on the ladder 站在梯子上。
2. He was respected by the people with whom he worked. 他受到与他一起工作的人的尊重。
相关搭配：work with 与……一起工作；work with the people 与这些人一起工作。
3. The person from whom the message came did not say his name. 送信的人没有道其姓名。
相关搭配：come from 来自……；come from the person 来自这个人。
4. He's married to a singer of whom you may have heard. 他与一位歌唱家结了婚，你可能听说过这个人。
相关搭配：hear of 听说；hear of the singer 听说过这位歌唱家。
■二看形容词与介词的搭配
1. He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied. 他带来了结果，老板非常满意。
相关搭配：be satisfied with 对……满意；be satisfied with the result 对结果满意。
2. You find yourself married to someone with whom you're not compatible. 你突然意识到自己和一个合不来的人结了婚。
相关搭配：be compatible with 与……能共处；be compatible with sb 与某人能共处。
【注】要特别注意in which case, at which point, at which time, by which time, during which time等这类常用表达。如：
The postman comes at 6.30 in the morning, at which time I am usually fast asleep. 邮递员早晨6点30分来，这个时候我通常还睡着大觉呢。
The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard. 讲演者停下来查阅笔记，就在这时，听到了砰的一声巨响。
He may be busy, in which case I'll call later. 他可能忙，如若如此，我以后再来拜访。
We arrived at noon, by which time the demonstration was over. 我们是中午到的，这时游行业已结束。
Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. 汤姆上了四年大学，在此期间他学了法语。
■三看从句中的习惯表达
1. She was the only woman with whom he had ever been in love. 他爱过的只有这个女人。
相关搭配：be in love with 爱上；be in love with sb 爱上某人。
2. Her elder daughter, in whom she placed the greatest trust, failed to match her expectations. 她的长女，她对之无比信任，却辜负了她的期望。
相关搭配：place trust in 信任……；place trust in sb 信任某人。
3. This is something for which you must constantly be on the lookout. 这是你必须一直密切注意的事。
相关搭配：be on the lookout for 注意；be on the lookout for sth 注意某事。
■四看句子语境的需要
1. Then we arrived at a small temple, behind which was a great pool. 然后我们来到了一座小庙，其后有一个大小池。
相关搭配：behind the temple 在庙的后面。
2. Look, this is the tallest building, next to which is the new post office. 看，这是最高的建筑，它旁边就是新建的邮局。
相关搭配：next to the tallest building 在最高的建筑物旁边。
■五看相关的所属关系
1. He's written a book the name of which I've forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我忘了。
相关搭配：the name of ……的名字；the name of a book 一本书的书名。
2. It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered. 这是一项其细节不可更改的协定。
相关搭配：the details of ……的细节；the details of an agreement 某份协议的细节
■六看整体与部分的关系
1. The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。
相关搭配：most of ……中的大多数，大多数的……；most of the buses 大多数的汽车。
2. He went with a group of people, few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb.  他和一队人一起去了，其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。
相关搭配：few of ……当中的很少数，少数的……；few of the people 少数人。
3. The lorry crashed into a queue of people, several of whom had to have hospital treatment.  卡车冲进了一队人之中，其中有几个不得不住院治疗。
相关搭配：several of ……当中的几个，几个……；few of the people 几个人。
■七看同位语关系
1. Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week.  她的两个儿子，都在国外工作，他们每周都给她打电话来。
用法说明：both of whom为her sons的同位语。
2. Both players, neither of whom reached the final, played well. 两名运动员都未进入决赛，但都表现得很好。
用法说明：neither of whom为both players的同位语。
【一点补充】
介词后接的关系代词通常为which和whom，但有时也可能是其他关系代词（如whose）。如：
He is the man from whose house the pictures were stolen. 他就是那个家里藏画被盗的人。
相关搭配：from the man's house 从这个人的家里。
In 1980 he caught a serious illness from whose effects he still suffers. 1980年他患了到现在对他仍有影响的重病。
相关搭配：from the efforts of the illness 从这种病的影响中。